Distributed Systems

Definition: A Distributed System is a network of independent computers that work together as a unified system to achieve a common goal.

The system is characterized by the absence of a central control, with each component (or node) working autonomously yet coordinating with others.

Key Characteristics:

1. Decentralization: There is no central point of control. Each node in the system is self-sufficient, contributing to the overall functionality.
2. Fault Tolerance: Distributed systems are designed to continue functioning even if one or more nodes fail, ensuring high availability.
3. Transparency: The underlying complexity of the distributed architecture is hidden from users, who interact with the system as though it were a single entity.
4. Scalability: Distributed systems can easily scale to accommodate increased demand by adding more nodes or resources without significantly disrupting service.

1. Client-Server Architecture: A type of distributed system where clients request services, and servers provide them. Common in web services and cloud applications.
2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P): In this model, each node acts as both a client and a server, distributing tasks and resources equally among all nodes. Examples include file-sharing systems like BitTorrent.
3. Cloud Computing: A modern form of distributed systems where resources such as storage and computation are provided over the internet, allowing for elastic scalability.